The Indian power system underwent two separate\r\nmassive blackouts on 30th and 31st of July 2012.\r\nThese blackouts exposed a series of inherent problems\r\nunderlying the power system of India, such as its generation\r\nplanning, transmission planning, grid infrastructure,\r\nmanagement systems, primary energy resources, environmental\r\nconstraints, electricity market, and information\r\ntechnology, which together aggravate the massive blackouts.\r\nThese factors which affect the adequacy and security\r\nof the power supply in a similar manner as the transmission\r\ncongestion of physical grids does, can be called by a\r\ngeneric term as generalized congestion. Competitive\r\nmanipulations and ââ?¬Ë?ââ?¬Ë?game-playingââ?¬â?¢Ã¢â?¬â?¢ between various\r\ninterested parties further intensifies these congestions.\r\nHere, from the perspective of generalized congestions, the\r\npaper reflects the inevitability of Indiaââ?¬â?¢s massive blackouts,\r\ndiscusses occasional effects of trigger events, inherent\r\nevolution law of blackouts and the enlightenment on power\r\nindustry in China, and explores risk control measures to\r\ndefend blackouts in China. The positive role of strong\r\nsmart grid in insuring energy and environment security is\r\nhighlighted.
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